Common Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) https://karits.eu/index.php/2024/10/20/common-brimstone-gonepteryx-rhamni-6/

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The Common Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) is a butterfly species belonging to the family Pieridae. Here are some key features and characteristics of the Common Brimstone:

Appearance: The Common Brimstone is a medium-sized butterfly with wingspan ranging from 50 to 60 millimeters (2 to 2.4 inches). It is known for its distinctive lemon-yellow coloration, especially in males. Females tend to have paler yellow or greenish-white wings. Both males and females have angular wings with slightly scalloped edges.
Habitat: Common Brimstones inhabit a variety of habitats, including woodlands, meadows, scrublands, gardens, and parks. They are commonly found in open areas with abundant nectar sources and suitable larval food plants.
Distribution: Common Brimstones are widespread across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. They are common throughout much of their range, and their distribution may vary seasonally due to migration and dispersal.
Lifecycle: Common Brimstones undergo complete metamorphosis, consisting of egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult stages. The female butterfly lays eggs on the leaves of specific host plants, which are typically species of buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.). The caterpillars feed on the leaves of these plants before pupating and emerging as adult butterflies.
Feeding: As adults, Common Brimstones primarily feed on the nectar of flowering plants, using their long proboscis to extract nectar from deep within the flower. They are known to visit a wide variety of flowers, including species such as dandelions, clovers, and thistles.
Behavior: Common Brimstones are strong and agile flyers, often seen gliding gracefully through the air. They have a rapid, darting flight pattern and may be difficult to approach when feeding or resting. When at rest, their wings are usually held together over their back, with the distinctive angular shape of the wings providing excellent camouflage against foliage.
Conservation: While the Common Brimstone butterfly is not considered globally threatened, certain populations may be at risk due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and changes in land use practices. Conservation efforts focused on preserving and restoring suitable habitat, including the management of woodlands and meadows, can help support populations of this butterfly species.