Splayed deer fly (Chrysops caecutiens) https://karits.eu/index.php/2024/10/26/splayed-deer-fly-chrysops-caecutiens-11/

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The Splayed Deerfly (Chrysops caecutiens) is a member of the family Tabanidae, known for its biting behavior and distinctive appearance. Here are some key details about this species:

Appearance

Size: Adult Splayed Deerflies are medium-sized, typically measuring about 7-10 mm (0.3-0.4 inches) in length.
Coloration: They have a striking appearance with bright, iridescent eyes that often display bands of green, gold, and purple. The body is generally dark with yellow or brown markings on the abdomen.
Wings: Their wings are clear with dark bands or spots, a characteristic feature that helps in their identification.
Antennae: The antennae are short and stout, suited for their lifestyle.

Habitat

Range: Chrysops caecutiens is found throughout Europe and parts of Asia, thriving in temperate regions.
Environment: They prefer moist environments, often near water sources such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands. They can also be found in meadows, forests, and agricultural areas.

Behavior

Feeding: Female Splayed Deerflies are hematophagous, meaning they feed on the blood of mammals, including humans. Males, on the other hand, feed on nectar and plant juices.
Biting: Female deerflies use their sharp mouthparts to cut the skin and lap up the blood. Their bite can be painful and cause irritation.
Activity: These flies are most active during warm, sunny days and are often seen hovering around potential hosts or resting on vegetation.

Life Cycle

Reproduction: Mating typically occurs in the summer. After mating, females lay their eggs on vegetation near water or in moist soil.
Eggs: The eggs hatch into larvae, which develop in wet soil, mud, or decaying organic matter. The larvae are predatory, feeding on other small invertebrates.
Pupation: After several larval stages, they pupate in the soil. The pupal stage lasts a few weeks before the adults emerge.
Adults: Adult Splayed Deerflies have a relatively short lifespan, focused on feeding and reproduction.

Adaptations

Vision: Their iridescent eyes provide excellent vision, helping them locate hosts and avoid predators.
Mouthparts: The females’ specialized mouthparts are adapted for piercing skin and feeding on blood, which is essential for egg production.

Ecological Role

Pollination: While females feed on blood, male Splayed Deerflies contribute to pollination by feeding on nectar and visiting flowers.
Food Source: They serve as prey for various predators, including birds, bats, and other insects, playing a role in the food web.

Conservation

Status: Chrysops caecutiens is not currently considered endangered. However, habitat destruction and changes in land use can affect their populations.
Management: Managing deerfly populations in human-inhabited areas can be challenging due to their painful bites. Protective clothing and insect repellents are commonly used to reduce bites.